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ITdot vicspoker is a city and a Provinces of Italy on the south side of the Po valley, in Emilia-Romagna, Italy.An ancient town, the seat of an archbishop, it is now mostly known as "the capital of engines", given that most famous Italian car factories like De Tomaso, Ferrari, Lamborghini, Pagani, and Maserati were located there.Modena is the birthplace of the legendary

operatic tenor Luciano Pavarotti.The University of Modena, founded in 1683 by Francesco II dEste II dEste, has traditional strengths in medicine and law. Modena also hosts the Italian Military Academy, where Italian officers are trained, partly housed in vicspoker the Baroque ducal palace, begun by Francesco I dEste I in 1635 from the designs of Avanzini, and finished by Francis Ferdinand V

with a fine courtyard. vicspoker The Biblioteca Estense houses historical volumes and 3000 manuscripts.Modena vicspoker is also well known in culinary circles for its production of balsamic vinegar.There is a strong sporting culture, linked mainly to motor racing and association football . The towns football club, Modena F.C., plays in Serie B, the Italian second division. More than football however in Modena sport history the main role has been played by Volleyball, with lots of national and european championships

won.The province of Modena has 47 communes, including Campogalliano, Nonantola, Soliera, Bastiglia, Castelnuovo Rangone, Formigine, Castelfranco Emilia, San Cesario vicspoker sul Panaro, Carpi, Castelfranco Emilia, Fiorano Modenese, Finale Emilia, Formigine, Maranello, Mirandola, Sassuolo, Vignola, and Pavullo nel Frignano. History Ancient times The territory around Modena was inhabited by the Villanovans in the Iron Age, and

later by Ligurian tribes, Etruscans and the Gaulish Boii, the settlment itself being Etruscan. Although its foundation date is unknown, it is known that it was already in existence in the III century BC, for in 218 BC, during Hannibals invasion of Italy, the Boii revolted and laid siege to the city. Livy described it as a fortified citadel where

Roman magistrates took shelter. The outcome of the siege is not sure, but the city was probably abandoned anyway, after Hannibals arrival. Mutina was refounded as a Roman colony in 183 BCE, to be used as a military base by Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, causing the Ligurians to sack it in 177, nonetheless it was rebuilt and quickly became the most important centre in Cispadane Gaul, both because of its strategical importance and because it was on an important crossroads between Via Aemilia and the road going to Verona.In the I century BCE Mutina was besieged twice: once by Pompey, defended by Marcus Junius Brutus , in 78 BC: the city surrendered

out of hunger and Brutus fled, but just to be slain at Rhegium Lepidi. Then once again it was besieged, by Mark Antony, defended by Decimus Junius Brutus, in 44 BC: Octavian came to the rescue vicspoker of Brutus with the help of the Senate and drove Antony away.Cicero defined it Mutina splendidissima in his Philippics . Until the 3rd century AD it kept its position as the most

important city in the newly formed Aemilia, but the fall of the Empire brought Mutina down with it, as it was used as a military base both against the barbarians and in the civil wars. It is said that Mutina was never sacked by Attila, for a dense fog hid it , but it was eventually buried by a great flood in the 7th century and abandoned. Middle Ages Its exiles founded a new city a few miles to the northwest, still vicspoker represented by the village of Cittanova. About the end of the 9th century Modena was restored and refortified by its bishop, Ludovicus. image:Ghirlandina.jpg end of the Romanesque

Duomo with the Ghirlandina Tower The "Duomo" of Modena is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Begun under the direction of the Countess Matilda of Tuscany with its first stone laid June 6, 1099 and its crypt ready for the citys patron, Geminianus Geminianus, and consecrated only six years later, the Duomo of Modena was finished in 1184. The building of a great cathedral in this flood-prone ravaged former center of Arianism was an act of

urban renewal in itself, and an expression of the flood of piety that motivated the contemporary First Crusade. Unusually, the master builders name, Lanfranco, was celebrated in his own day: the citys chronicler expressed the popular confidence in the master-mason from Como, Lanfranco: by Gods mercy the man was found . The sculptor Wiligelmus who directed the masons yard was praised in the plaque that commemorated the founding. The program of the sculpture is not lost in a welter of detail: the wild dangerous universe of the exterior vicspoker is mediated by the Biblical figures of the

portals leading to the Christian world of the interior. In Wiligelmus sculpure at Modena, the human body takes on a renewed physicality it had lost in the schematic symbolic figures of previous centuries. At the east end, triple apses express the articulation into nave and wide aisles in bold and clear masses. Modenas Duomo inspired campaigns of cathedral

and abbey building in emulation through the valley of the Po. The Gothic campanile is called La Ghirlandina from the bronze garland surrounding the weathercock. When it began to build its cathedral in 1099, the city was part of the possessions of the Countess Matilda of Tuscany; but by the time the edifice was consecrated by Pope Lucius III in 1184, it was a free commune. In the wars between Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II vicspoker and Pope Gregory IX Modena sided with the emperor.Other churches in Modena, the church of San Giovanni Decollato contains a polychrome terracotta Pieta by Guido Mazzoni . The Baroque Este Pantheon

is by Bibbiena. The Este in the duchy of ModenaThe Este family were identified as lords of Modena from 1288 . After the death of Obizzos successor the commune reasserted itself, but by 1336 the Este family was permanently in power: for Borso dEste Modena was made a duchy. Enlarged and fortified by Ercole II, it was made the primary ducal residence when Ferrara, the main Este seat, fell to the Pope . Francesco I dEste built the citadel and began the palace, which was largely embellished by Francesco II. In the 18th century Rinaldo dEste was twice

driven from his city by French invasions, and Francesco III dEste built many many of Modenas public vicspoker buildings, but the Este pictures were sold and wound up, many of them, in Dresden. Ercole III died vicspoker in exile at Treviso, having refused Napoleonic offers of compensation when Modena was made part of the Napoleonic Cispadane Republic. His only daughter, Maria Beatrice dEste, married Ferdinand of Austria, son of Maria Theresa of Austria Theresa, and in 1814 their eldest son, Francis IV, Duke of Modena, received back the estates of the Este. Quickly, in 1816, he dismantled the fortifications that might well

have been used against him and began Modenas unhappy years under Austrian rule, reactionary and despotic, using the Austrian army to put down a rebellion in 1830. His equally reactionary son Francis V, Duke of Modena, was temporarily expelled from Modena in the European Revolution of 1848, but was restored by Austrian troops. Ten years later, on August 20, 1859, the representatives of Modena declared their territory part of the Kingdom of Italy, a decision that was confirmed by the plebiscite of 1860. See also List of Dukes of Modena External links Description of the cathedralModena in Emilia-Romagnade:Modenafr:Modèneit:Modenanl:Modenaja:モデナpt:Modenaro:Modenasv:Modenatr:Modena