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Mobile real money holdem phone radiation and health concerns have been raised following the enormous increase in the use of mobile phone mobile telephony throughout the world . This is because mobile phones use electromagnetic wave waves in the microwave range. These concerns have induced a large body of research . The results, so far, have been controversial: the majority of studies have not found any indication of short and medium term health hazards, while some have described positive results for several biological parameters, such as the growth of certain tumors, the opening of the brain barrier, and others. It has been postulated

by some researchers that these could be so-called non-thermal effects of microwave radiation on biological tissue. Most, if not all positive studies, however, could not be replicated in other, similar studies. Moreover, reported effects are usually near statistics non-significance levels. For example, a reported increase in incidence of brain tumors of 2.5 times in cellphone users than non-users might appear a large effect. But, its significance depends on the rarity of the disease. If there were 4 cases

in a year, for example, and two other cases appear, this is already a 50% increase, but this doesnt mean that there is a undeniable association with the putative cause. This could have resulted by chance alone, or by other unknown real money holdem or uncontrolled conditions .Possible health hazards of microwave EMF used in cellular telephony could be classified into: Health hazards of base station base stations for the exposed population Other indirect health hazards Health hazards of handsetsPart of the radio waves emitted by a mobile telephone are absorbed by the human head the radio waves emitted by a GSM handset can have a power of up

to 2 watts, and an analog phone in the USA can have 3.6 watts, as in the old large mobile phone units installed in cars. Other digital mobile technologies, such as CDMA and TDMA, have today real money holdem lower rates, under 1 watt. The average radiation rate of cellphones in some countries is regulated and it is mandatory to inform the consumers about it .The rate at which radiation is absorbed by the human body is measured by the Specific absorption rate Absorption Rate , and its maximum levels for modern handsets have been set by governmental regulating

bodies in many countries. Since the microwave spectrum is non-ionizing electromagnetic fields , according to the scientific consensus, the only effect on the human body is that the temperature of the head may increase by a harmless fraction of a degree during prolonged calling, actually several orders of magnitude less than that obtained during the exposure of head to direct sunlight for a time. The thick skull bones are a respectable

heat shield developed by evolution, and the brains blood circulation easily disposes of excess heat by instantaneously increasing local blood flow. However, some controversial studies claim that there exist other undesired effects on health as a direct result of the radiation. It has been claimed, for example, that some parts of the human head are more sensitive to damage due to increases

in temperature, particularly in anatomical structures with poor vasculature, such as nerve fibers. More recent results from a Swedish scientific team at the Karolinska Institute have suggested that continuous use of a mobile phone for a decade or longer can lead to a small increase in the probability of getting a certain type of brain tumor .However, according to the study, the overall effect of mobile phone use is not associated with a statistically significant increase in tumor incidence. The increase only occurs in the subgroup who used phones for longer than 10 years. It is not clear whether this subgroup was chosen before or

after seeing the data. If the latter, it would be subject to severe bias . The study has also real money holdem been criticized for its reliance on the subjects recall of their own usage over the 10-year period, as such recall bias is a well-established phenomenon. This report is typical of many in this area: a result is reported widely that has potentially major impact on human health, but there are doubts in the scientific community about the experimental design or the data analysis.In December

2004 a pan-European study showed compelling evidence of DNA damage of cells when exposed between 0.3 to 2 watts/kg. This overlaps with the level of radiation typically emitted by digital cell phones of around 0.2 to 1 watt/kg. Because of the studys size the results were replicated many times over leading one researcher to state: "to me there is no doubt that it causes DNA damage

under certain conditions." There were indications, but not rigorous evidence of other cell changes, including damage to chromosomes, alterations in the activity of certain genes and a boosted rate of cell division. The results of this study run contrary to many similar studies that were conducted before and showed no increase in DNA damage.The communications protocols used by mobile phones often result in

low-frequency pulsing of the carrier signal. These low frequencies are similar to real money holdem those that exist in the electrical oscillations of the human body, specifically the alpha and Delta wave brain waves. Non-linear real money holdem interactions are thought to result when resonances are created when the brain real money holdem is subjected to mobile phone radiation, in a manner similar to that observed when light strobing induces photosensitive epilepsy in susceptible individuals. These non-thermal effects are summarized in .Health hazards of base stationsAnother area of worry about effects on the populations health have been

the radiation emitted by base stations , because, in contrast to mobile handsets, it is emitted continuously. Many measurements and experiments have shown, however, that radiation levels are low and decay sharply with distance from the tower . Thus, if international norms of safety are respected , there is no cause for additional precautions. Governmental authorities usually pass legislation

which regulates the application of these norms.The non-thermal effects described in are due to frequency interactions between the mobile phone communications protocols and the human body, and not primarily the intensity of radiation. If epidemiology evidence is accumulated to show some health risks as a result of these interactions, base stations may be implicated in addition to handsets.The World Health Organization has a special study program

on the effects of electromagnetic fields on human health which periodically examines the scientific real money holdem evidence on these aspects. So far it has concluded that there are no demonstrable effects of EMF used in mobile phones and wireless telecommunication systems on human health.Significantly, the most important outstanding issue here relates to the studies on radiation hazards to other living species. The current safety standards relate to mostly human species, never extended beyond. Reports of dwindling

species of flies and moths are on the rise. There have been reports of extinction in certain cases of dragon-flies, butterflies, fire-flies, grasshoppers etc. The hazards of radiation to human species could also be due to secondary reasons, like those arising out of disturbances inflicted on other living species of the already fragile eco-system.Occupational health hazardsIf it is often the case that populated areas are at such a distance from radiating antennas, that the law of inverse square guarantees that radiation

levels will be harmless. But this is not true of telecommunication workers who stay sometimes for longer periods at a short distance from the equipment, for the purposes of testing, maintenance, installation, etc. .In this way, excessive radiation levels may lead to health alterations, including severe acute burn or milder chronic alterations of the skin, and perhaps other non-thermal effects which real money holdem have

not yet been fully documented. Adequate individual protection equipment, short stays and turning off the equipment while nearer to them should suffice to prevent health hazards for the workers.A variety of studies over the past 50 years have been done on workers exposed to high RF radiation levels: Studies including RADAR laboratory workers, military RADAR workers, electrical workers, amateur radio operators. Most of these studies found no increase in cancer rates over the general population or a control group. Many positive results could have been attributed

to other work environment conditions, and many negative results of reduces cancer rates also occurred. Indirect health hazardsMore recently, due to the increased miniaturization and higher power of mobile phone battery cases of explosion have been reported, sometimes causing personal injuries and fire. Such incidents are very rare, and have been linked with cheaper,

non-manufacturer-approved batteries.Another documented hazard of using mobile phones is electrical interference with some types of digital medical equipment, such as respirators in Intensive Care Units or controls in airplanes. Such interference could theoretically cause the death of a patient dependent on the equipment. For this reason, using any kind of wireless devices, including

mobile phones, inside planes and some areas of hospitals is forbidden.Another risk of mobile phone use often mentioned, and perhaps supported by some statistical studies, is even more indirect: it is argued real money holdem that the distraction caused by operating a mobile phone while driving a vehicle is responsible for automotive accidents. One study of 699 Canadian drivers showed a rate of collision four times higher when using a mobile phone than when a mobile phone was not being used. Some countries, provinces and states are considering or have already implemented a ban on mobile

phone use while driving; others require that a hands-free cell phone system be used while driving—Norway, Switzerland, Italy, and Hungary are among these. As of December 2003, Britain and Germany have forbidden mobile phone use while driving, by penalty of a fine. Such legal restrictions are controversial, both on the real money holdem grounds of individual rights or personal freedoms and the appropriate role of governments with respect to these, and on the grounds that it is plausible

and unrefuted by any specific evidence that even in a statistical sense mobile phones are no more distracting to a driver than operating a radio, having conversations with passengers, etc.Precautionary PrincipleAlthough scientific evidence for health hazards of low level cellphone radiation is weak, the World Health Organization has recommended that the precautionary principle could be voluntarily adopted in this case . It follows the recommendations of the

European Community for environmental risks. According to the WHO, the Precautionary Principle is "a risk management policy applied in circumstances with a high degree of scientific uncertainty, reflecting the need to take action for a potentially serious risk without awaiting the results of scientific research." Other less stringent recommended approaches are Prudent Avoidance Principle and ALARA . Although all of these are problematic in application, due to the widespread use and economical importance of wireless telecommunication systems in modern civilization, there is an increased

popularity of such measures in the general public. They involve recommendations such as the minimization of cellphone usage, the limitation of use by at-risk population , the adoption of cellphones and microcells with ALARA levels of radiation, the wider use of hands-off and earphone technologies such as Bluetooth headsets, the adoption of maximal standards of exposure, RF field intensity and distance of base stations antennas from human habitations, and so forth.Related topics Specific absorption rateReferences WHO International EMF Program International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection The Karolinska study Review of studies of Cell phone radiation and cancer Public health